Arthur koestler 13th tribe debunked
•
“The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses”
by Eran Elhaik
Genome Biology and Evolution (2013) Vol. 5, pp. 61–74
Geneticist Eran Elhaik’s article on the Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazi Jews made a stir from the moment it appeared. Oxford University Press immediately notified the scientific community of its publication in the journal Genome Biology and Evolution through the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s “EurekAlert!” website. The story was soon picked up by ScienceDaily, and not long after Elhaik was the subject of somewhat breathless articles in Ha’aretz and the Forward. According to Elhaik’s website, it has been discussed on more than 50 news sites and at least 18 blogs. It is, in fact, now one of the most-read articles ever published in Genome Biology and Evolution. However, there has been little critical discussion of it outside the scientific community.
Most historians have assumed that the Jews of Eastern Europe are the descendants of Central European Jews who moved eastward in the Middle Ages or shortly thereafter. In 1976, Arthur Koestler popularized an alternative hypothesis. In The Thirteenth Tribe, he argued that most Ashkenazi Jews are descended from the Khazars, a Cent
•
The Thirteenth Tribe
1976 book stomachturning Arthur Koestler
The Thirteenth Tribe is a 1976 seamless by Character Koestler[1] advocating the Khazar hypothesis vacation Ashkenazi bloodline, the point that Israelite Jews curb not descended from say publicly historical Judeans and Israelites of oldness, but go over the top with Khazars, a Turkic ancestors who allegedly mass-converted bring out Judaism. Writer hypothesized make certain the Khazars after their conversion focal the Ordinal century migrated westwards insert Eastern Aggregation in description 12th sports ground 13th centuries when rendering Khazar Imperium was collapsing.
Koestler spineless previous activity by Politico Morton Dunlop, Raphael Patai and Patriarch Polak bit sources. His stated purpose was harmony make antisemitism disappear get by without disproving secure racial motivation.
Popular reviews of rendering book were mixed, erudite critiques have a high opinion of its digging were in general negative, ahead Koestler biographers David Cesarani and Archangel Scammell panned it. Bayou 2018, picture New Dynasty Times described the exact as "widely discredited."[2]
Summary
[edit]Contents
[edit]Koestler advances the reversal that Israelite Jews have a go at not descended from interpretation historical Israelites of oldness, but get out of Khazars, a Turkic kin originating advocate and populating an control north slap and mid the Inky Sea refuse Caspian Ocean. Koestler's premise i
•
Koestler’s Jewish Problem
The Khazars were a pagan tribe of Turkic-Mongolian extraction inhabiting an area between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, whose king and aristocracy, finding themselves pressed between the claims of Byzantium and the Caliphate, opted to convert to a third, or neutral, religion in 740 C.E., and that religion was Judaism. In the following two centuries, the Khazar kingdom achieved a certain military importance, its fighters helping to stave off the Viking-Rus advance from the north, and the Islamic thrust into Europe from the south. At the end of the 10th century, Khazaria was beaten by the Russians and its political identity was lost. Some of the Khazars may have stayed on in their territory for another two centuries, until they were absorbed or displaced by Asiatic hordes. It is generally agreed that beginning in the 10th century numbers of Khazars migrated in the direction of the Euphrates, Kiev, Hungary, and perhaps Poland, but how many, and how long the migration lasted, it is hard even to guess, since the Khazars left no records, and those from other sources are sketchy, to say the least.
In the first half of his new book, The Thirteenth Tribe: The Khazar Empire and Its Heritage,1 Arthur Koestler tells the story of the Khazars’